Active Passive Voice
Active Voice
A feature of sentences in which the subject performs the action of the verb and the direct object is the goal or the recipient.
[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving
action]
Examples:
 Passive Voice A feature of sentences in which the object or goal of the action functions as the sentence subject and the main verb phrase includes the verb to be and the past participle. |
Using Active and Passive Voice
In a
sentence using active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the
action expressed in the verb.
Image
Caption: The arrow points from the subject performing the action (the dog)
to the individual being acted upon (the boy). This is an example of a sentence
using the active voice.
Image
Caption: Sample active voice sentence with the subject performing the action
described by the verb.
Image
Caption: The active voice sentence subject (watching a framed, mobile world)
performs the action of reminding the speaker of something.
Each example
above includes a sentence subject performing the action expressed by the verb.
Active Versus Passive Voice
Active voice
is used for most non-scientific writing. Using active voice for the majority of
your sentences makes your meaning clear for readers, and keeps the sentences
from becoming too complicated or wordy. Even in scientific writing, too much
use of passive voice can cloud the meaning of your sentences.
Image
Caption: The action is performed upon the sentence subject, meaning this
sentence is passive (indirect).
Image
Caption: This is an example of the active voice because the sentence subject
performs the action.
Image
Caption: This is an example of the passive voice.
Image
Caption: This is an example of an active voice sentence because the sentence
subject performs the action.
Image
Caption: This is an example of the passive voice.
Image
Caption: This passive voice sentence is less concise than its active voice
counterpart (shown below).
Image
Caption: This active voice sentence requires fewer words to communicate the
same idea as the passive voice version (above).
Image
Caption: This passive voice sentence is more wordy than an active voice
version.
Image
Caption: This active voice sentence is more concise than the passive voice
version (above) because the subject directly performs the action.
In a
sentence using passive voice, the subject is acted upon; he or she
receives the action expressed by the verb. The agent performing the action may
appear in a "by the..." phrase or may be omitted.
Image
Caption: The dog is acting upon the sentence subject (the boy), meaning it
uses the passive voice.
Image
Caption: This example sentence includes the passive voice because the
subject (research) is being acted upon (presented) by another person (Pooja).
Image
Caption: This is an example of the passive voice.
Changing Passive to Active
Voice
If you want
to change a passive-voice sentence to active voice, find the agent in a
"by the..." phrase, or consider carefully who or what is performing
the action expressed in the verb. Make that agent the subject of the sentence,
and change the verb accordingly. Sometimes you will need to infer the agent
from the surrounding sentences which provide context.
Image Caption: This passive voice contains a by the... phrase. Removing the by the... phrase and reworking the sentence will give it the active voice.
Image
Caption: The agent is not explicitly stated, but it is most likely
researchers. Making the agent the subject of the sentence will allow you to use
the active voice.
Image
Caption: This sentence now uses the active voice because the agent (the
researchers) are now performing the action as the sentence subject.
Image
Caption: The CIA director and his close advisors are the agent of change in
this sentence, but they are not the subject. Making the agent the subject will
transform the sentence into a more concise, active voice phrase.
Image
Caption: This sentence now uses the active voice because the agent (the CIA
director and his close advisors) is performing the action as the sentence
subject.
Image
Caption: The agent is not specified in this sentence.
Image
Caption: This sentence now uses the active voice because the agent (we) is
the subject of the sentence.
If you want
to change an active-voice sentence to passive voice, consider carefully who or
what is performing the action expressed in the verb, and then make that agent
the object of a "by the..." phrase. Make what is acted upon the
subject of the sentence, and change the verb to a form of be + past participle.
Including an explicit "by the..." phrase is optional.
Image
Caption: This active voice sentence's agent is the presiding officer, which is
the subject.
Image Caption: Changing the sentence subject from the agent (the presiding officer) to the object of the verb (the committee's recommendation) and adding a by the...phrase transforms the sentence into the passive voice.
Image
Caption: This sentence includes the agent (the leaders) as the subject
performing the action of the verb.
Image
Caption: This sentence now uses the passive voice because the subject has been
changed from the agent (the leaders) to the object of the verb (a fair
resolution).
Image
Caption: The scientists are the agent performing the verb's action in this
active voice sentence.
Image
Caption: This passive voice sentence no longer specifies the agent (scientists)
and now uses the passive voice because the verb's object (traces of ice) is now
the subject
Formula of Active and Passive Voice
1.
Simple Present Tense
Active : S +
do/does + not + V1
Passive : S
+ to be (am, are, is) + not + V3 + by + O
Example:
Active : She
doesn't write the book
Passive :
The book isn't written by her
Active : I
don't wash the car
Passive :
The car isn't washed by me
2.
Present Continuous Tense
Active : S +
to be (am, are, is) + not + V1-ing
Passive : S
+ to be (am, are, is) + not + being + V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : She
isn't reading the book
Passive :
The book isn't being read by her
3.
Present Perfect Tense
Active : S +
have/has + not + V3 + O
Passive : S
+ have/has + not + been + V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : She
hasn't written the book
Passive :
The book hasn't been written by her
Active : I
haven't written the book
Passive :
The book hasn't been written by me
4.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Active : S +
have/has + not + been + V1-ing + O
Passive : S
+ have/has + not + been + being + V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : She
hasn't been reading the book
Passive :
The book hasn't been being read by her
Active : I
haven't been washing the car
Passive : The
car hasn't been being washed by me
5.
Simple Past Tense
Active : S +
did + not + V1
Passive : S
+ to be (was, were) + not + V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : She
didn't write a letter
Passive : A
letter wasn't written by her
6.
Past Continuous Tense
Active : S +
to be (was, were) + not + V1-ing + O
Passive : S
+ to be (was, were) + not + being + V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : She
wasn't washing the car
Passive :
The car wasn't being washed by her
7.
Past Perfect Tense
Active : S +
had + not + V3 + O
Passive : S
+ had + not + been + V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : She
hadn't washed the car
Passive :
The car hadn't been washed by her
8.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Active : S +
had + not + been + V1-ing + O
Passive : S
+ had + not + been + being + V3 + by + O
Example:
Active : She
hadn't been washing the car
Passive :
The car hadn't been being washed by her
9.
Simple Future Tense
Active : S +
will + not + V1 + O
Passive : S
+ will + not + be + V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : She
won't wash the car
Passive :
The car won't be washed by her
10.
Future Continuous Tense
Active : S +
will + not + be + V1-ing + O
Passive : S
+ will + not + be + being + V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : She
won'tl be washing the car
Passive :
The car won't be being washed by her
11.
Future Perfect Tense
Active : S +
will + not + have + V3 + O
Passive : S
+ will + not + have + been + V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : She
won't have washed the car
Passive :
The car won't have been washed by her
12.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Active : S +
will + not + have + been + V1-ing + O
Passive : S
+ will + not + have + been + being + V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : She
won't have been washing the car
Passive :
The car won't have been being washed by her
13.
Si mple Future Past Tense
Active : S +
would +not + V1
Passive : S
+ would + not + be + V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : She
wouldn't wash the car
Passive :
The car wouldn't be washed by her
14.
Future Past Continuous Tense
Active : S +
would + not + be + V1-ing + O
Passive : S
+ would + not + be + being + V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : She
wouldn't be washing the car
Passive :
The car wouldn't be being washed by her
15.
Future Past Perfect Tense
Active : S +
would + not + have + V3 + O
Passive : S
+ would + not + have + been + V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : She
wouldn't have washed the car
Passive :
The car wouldn't have been washed by her
16.
Future Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Active : S +
would + not + have + been + V1-ing + O
Passive : S
+ would + not + have + been +being + V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : She
wouldn't have been washing the car
Passive : The car wouldn't have been
being washed by her
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