Agung Cahya : Oktober 2016

Active Passive Voice

Active Voice
A feature of sentences in which the subject performs the action of the verb and the direct object is the goal or the recipient.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Examples:

Passive Voice
A feature of sentences in which the object or goal of the action functions as the sentence subject and the main verb phrase includes the verb to be and the past participle.

Using Active and Passive Voice

In a sentence using active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action expressed in the verb.

Image Caption: The arrow points from the subject performing the action (the dog) to the individual being acted upon (the boy). This is an example of a sentence using the active voice.

Image Caption: Sample active voice sentence with the subject performing the action described by the verb.

Image Caption: The active voice sentence subject (watching a framed, mobile world) performs the action of reminding the speaker of something.

Each example above includes a sentence subject performing the action expressed by the verb.

Active Versus Passive Voice

Active voice is used for most non-scientific writing. Using active voice for the majority of your sentences makes your meaning clear for readers, and keeps the sentences from becoming too complicated or wordy. Even in scientific writing, too much use of passive voice can cloud the meaning of your sentences.

Image Caption: The action is performed upon the sentence subject, meaning this sentence is passive (indirect).

Image Caption: This is an example of the active voice because the sentence subject performs the action.

Image Caption: This is an example of the passive voice.

Image Caption: This is an example of an active voice sentence because the sentence subject performs the action.

Image Caption: This is an example of the passive voice.

Image Caption: This is an example of an active voice sentence because its subject performs the action expressed in the verb.

Sentences in active voice are also more concise than those in passive voice because fewer words are required to express action in active voice than in passive.

Image Caption: This passive voice sentence is less concise than its active voice counterpart (shown below).

Image Caption: This active voice sentence requires fewer words to communicate the same idea as the passive voice version (above).

Image Caption: This passive voice sentence is more wordy than an active voice version.

Image Caption: This active voice sentence is more concise than the passive voice version (above) because the subject directly performs the action.

In a sentence using passive voice, the subject is acted upon; he or she receives the action expressed by the verb. The agent performing the action may appear in a "by the..." phrase or may be omitted.

Image Caption: The dog is acting upon the sentence subject (the boy), meaning it uses the passive voice.

Image Caption: This example sentence includes the passive voice because the subject (research) is being acted upon (presented) by another person (Pooja).

Image Caption: This is an example of the passive voice.

Image Caption: The subject of the passive voice sentence performs the action expressed in the verb in this example.

Changing Passive to Active Voice

If you want to change a passive-voice sentence to active voice, find the agent in a "by the..." phrase, or consider carefully who or what is performing the action expressed in the verb. Make that agent the subject of the sentence, and change the verb accordingly. Sometimes you will need to infer the agent from the surrounding sentences which provide context.

Image Caption: This passive voice contains a by the... phrase. Removing the by the... phrase and reworking the sentence will give it the active voice.

Image Caption: Making the agent (most of the class) the subject means this sentence now uses the active voice.

Image Caption: The agent is not explicitly stated, but it is most likely researchers. Making the agent the subject of the sentence will allow you to use the active voice.

Image Caption: This sentence now uses the active voice because the agent (the researchers) are now performing the action as the sentence subject.

Image Caption: The CIA director and his close advisors are the agent of change in this sentence, but they are not the subject. Making the agent the subject will transform the sentence into a more concise, active voice phrase.

Image Caption: This sentence now uses the active voice because the agent (the CIA director and his close advisors) is performing the action as the sentence subject.

Image Caption: The agent is not specified in this sentence.

Image Caption: This sentence now uses the active voice because the agent (we) is the subject of the sentence.

If you want to change an active-voice sentence to passive voice, consider carefully who or what is performing the action expressed in the verb, and then make that agent the object of a "by the..." phrase. Make what is acted upon the subject of the sentence, and change the verb to a form of be + past participle. Including an explicit "by the..." phrase is optional.

Image Caption: This active voice sentence's agent is the presiding officer, which is the subject.

Image Caption: Changing the sentence subject from the agent (the presiding officer) to the object of the verb (the committee's recommendation) and adding a by the...phrase transforms the sentence into the passive voice.

Image Caption: This sentence includes the agent (the leaders) as the subject performing the action of the verb.

Description: The sentence, a fair resolution to the crisis is being sought, now uses the passive voice because the subject was changed from the agent (the leaders) to the object of the verb (a fair resolution).

Image Caption: This sentence now uses the passive voice because the subject has been changed from the agent (the leaders) to the object of the verb (a fair resolution).

Description: The scientists are the agent performing the verb's action in the active voice sentence, scientists have discovered traces of ice on the surface of Mars.

Image Caption: The scientists are the agent performing the verb's action in this active voice sentence.

Description: The passive voice sentence, traces of ice have been discovered on the surface of Mars, no longer specifies the agent (scientists) and now uses the passive voice because the verb's object (traces of ice) is now the subject.

Image Caption: This passive voice sentence no longer specifies the agent (scientists) and now uses the passive voice because the verb's object (traces of ice) is now the subject

Formula of Active and Passive Voice

1. Simple Present Tense

Active : S + do/does + not + V1

Passive : S + to be (am, are, is) + not + V3 + by + O

Example:

Active : She doesn't write the book

Passive : The book isn't written by her

Active : I don't wash the car

Passive : The car isn't washed by me

2. Present Continuous Tense

Active : S + to be (am, are, is) + not + V1-ing

Passive : S + to be (am, are, is) + not + being + V3 + by + O

Example :

Active : She isn't reading the book

Passive : The book isn't being read by her

3. Present Perfect Tense

Active : S + have/has + not + V3 + O

Passive : S + have/has + not + been + V3 + by + O

Example :

Active : She hasn't written the book

Passive : The book hasn't been written by her

Active : I haven't written the book

Passive : The book hasn't been written by me

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Active : S + have/has + not + been + V1-ing + O

Passive : S + have/has + not + been + being + V3 + by + O

Example :

Active : She hasn't been reading the book

Passive : The book hasn't been being read by her

Active : I haven't been washing the car

Passive : The car hasn't been being washed by me

5. Simple Past Tense

Active : S + did + not + V1

Passive : S + to be (was, were) + not + V3 + by + O

Example :

Active : She didn't write a letter

Passive : A letter wasn't written by her

6. Past Continuous Tense

Active : S + to be (was, were) + not + V1-ing + O

Passive : S + to be (was, were) + not + being + V3 + by + O

Example :

Active : She wasn't washing the car

Passive : The car wasn't being washed by her

7. Past Perfect Tense

Active : S + had + not + V3 + O

Passive : S + had + not + been + V3 + by + O

Example :

Active : She hadn't washed the car

Passive : The car hadn't been washed by her

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Active : S + had + not + been + V1-ing + O

Passive : S + had + not + been + being + V3 + by + O

Example:

Active : She hadn't been washing the car

Passive : The car hadn't been being washed by her

9. Simple Future Tense

Active : S + will + not + V1 + O

Passive : S + will + not + be + V3 + by + O

Example :

Active : She won't wash the car

Passive : The car won't be washed by her

10. Future Continuous Tense

Active : S + will + not + be + V1-ing + O

Passive : S + will + not + be + being + V3 + by + O

Example :

Active : She won'tl be washing the car

Passive : The car won't be being washed by her

11. Future Perfect Tense

Active : S + will + not + have + V3 + O

Passive : S + will + not + have + been + V3 + by + O

Example :

Active : She won't have washed the car

Passive : The car won't have been washed by her

12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Active : S + will + not + have + been + V1-ing + O

Passive : S + will + not + have + been + being + V3 + by + O

Example :

Active : She won't have been washing the car

Passive : The car won't have been being washed by her

13. Si mple Future Past Tense

Active : S + would +not + V1

Passive : S + would + not + be + V3 + by + O

Example :

Active : She wouldn't wash the car

Passive : The car wouldn't be washed by her

14. Future Past Continuous Tense

Active : S + would + not + be + V1-ing + O

Passive : S + would + not + be + being + V3 + by + O

Example :

Active : She wouldn't be washing the car

Passive : The car wouldn't be being washed by her

15. Future Past Perfect Tense

Active : S + would + not + have + V3 + O

Passive : S + would + not + have + been + V3 + by + O

Example :

Active : She wouldn't have washed the car

Passive : The car wouldn't have been washed by her

16. Future Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Active : S + would + not + have + been + V1-ing + O

Passive : S + would + not + have + been +being + V3 + by + O

Example :

Active : She wouldn't have been washing the car

Passive : The car wouldn't have been being washed by her

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Conditional Clause

First, Second, and Third Conditional

1. First conditional:	If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
2. Second conditional:	If I had enough money, I would go to Japan.
3. Third conditional:	If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.

Conditional clause	Main clause
1. If + Present Tense	will + inf / present tense / imperative
If you help me with the dishes (if + pres), I will help you with your homework. (will + inf) If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by three, the number is divisible by three (Pres. tense) If you see Mr Fox tonight, tell him I am ill. (imperative).
2. If + Past Tense	would + inf
3. If + Past Perfect Tense	would have + past participle
We do not normally use will or would in the conditional clause, only in the main clause.

Uses of the Conditional

1. First conditional

a. Nature: Open condition, what is said in the condition is possible.

b. Time: This condition refers either to present or to future time.
e.g. If he is late, we will have to go without him.
If my mother knows about this, we are in serious trouble.

2. Second conditional

a. Nature: unreal (impossible) or improbable situations.

b. Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the present, now.
e.g. If I knew her name, I would tell you.
If I were you, I would tell my father.
Compare: If I become president, I will change the social security system. (Said by a presidential candidate)
If I became president, I would change the social security system. (Said by a schoolboy: improbable)
If we win this match, we are qualified for the semifinals.
If I won a million pounds, I would stop teaching. (improbable)

3. Third conditional

a. Nature: unreal

b. Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so in the past.)
e.g. If you had warned me, I would not have told your father about that party.(But you didn't, and I have).

Remember!

1. The conditional construction does not normally use will or would in if-clauses. EXCEPTION: If will or would express willingness, as in requests, they can be used in if-clauses.

e.g. If you will come this way, the manager will see you now.
I would be grateful if you would give me a little help.
(= ± please, come this way; please, give me...)

2. For the second conditional, were replaces was:

If I were a rich man...

3. After if, we can either use "some(-one, -where...)" or "any(-one, -where...).

If I have some spare time next weekend....or :
If I have any spare time...

4. Instead of if not, we can use unless.

e.g. I'll be back tomorrow unless there is a plane strike.
He'll accept the job unless the salary is too low.

5.There is a "mixed type" as well, for the present results of an unreal condition in the past:

If + Past Perfect - would + inf.
If you had warned me [then], I would not be in prison [now].

Examples (if-clause at the beginning)

type	if clause	main clause
I	If I study,	I will pass the exam.
II	If I studied,	I would pass the exam.
III	If I had studied,	I would have passed the exam.

3. Examples (if-clause at the end)

type	main clause	if-clause
I	I will pass the exam	if I study.
II	I would pass the exam	if I studied.
III	I would have passed the exam	if I had studied.

4. Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)

type		Examples
		long forms	short/contracted forms
I	+	If I study, I will pass the exam.	If I study, I'll pass the exam.
I	-	If I study, I will not fail the exam. If I do not study, I will fail the exam.	If I study, I won't fail the exam. If I don't study, I'll fail the exam.
II	+	If I studied, I would pass the exam.	If I studied, I'd pass the exam.
II	-	If I studied, I would not fail the exam. If I did not study, I would fail the exam.	If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam. If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam.
III	+	If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.	If I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam.
III	-	If I had studied, I would not have failed the exam. If I had not studied, I would have failed the exam.	If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the exam. If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the exam.